2006
A Thermographer’s Magic Marker
Tip suggested by:
Randall D. Cain, American Water Company
An age-old challenge for thermographers is the ability to annotate or mark objects to make them easier to identify in recorded imagery. One possible solution is to mark targets with an ink pen with low emittance ink.
Many thermographers have long sought ways to mark targets in such a fashion that numbers or text can clearly be seen with a thermal imager. Over time, some thermographers have used paints with emittances that contrast sharply with the objects being marked. In these cases, text and/or numbers painted on the target are clearly visible within resulting thermal imagery and recorded thermograms.
Recently some thermographers have reported good results in utilizing a Sharpie permanent felt-tip marker in silver color. The low emittance of the metallic ink contrasts markedly with high emittance targets allowing annotations to clearly appear within thermal images. In many cases, the silver ink can also be clearly seen in daylight images as well. An example can be seen below.
One should be aware that Sharpie markers are permanent unless the ink is applied to a removable material such as tape or labels affixed to the target. Prior to marking any target, be certain it is safe to do so and that marking will not permanently damage the target.
For more information on thermographer training and certification or to obtain a copy of the Guideline for Infrared Inspections of Electrical and Mechanical Systems, call Infraspection Institute at 609-239-4788 or visit us online at wwww.infraspection.com.
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Understanding Website Terminology
Travelers visiting foreign places know the importance of speaking the local language. Knowing the meaning of website terminology is key to understanding website performance.
Several terms are used when gauging website performance. Some of the most frequently utilized terms are: hits, unique visitors, and page views. While these terms are used to describe website traffic, few people understand their true meaning and how it relates to website performance.
A unique visitor is defined as one person accessing a website for a continuous period of time or session. No consideration is given to the time spent or pages viewed. Because counting ‘unique visitors’ is similar to counting attendance at a public event, it is often one of the best indicators of website performance.
A page view is defined as a visitor accessing individual pages within a website. A page view is generated each time a visitor accesses a different page during a session. Page view statistics enable a webmaster to gauge which pages within a website are most popular among visitors.
Hits are defined as a page view multiplied by the number of server file requests on each page visited. Because individual web pages often have dozens of calls to graphic and other files, ‘hits’ is a very misleading statistic. Although ‘hits’ is a poor indicator of website performance, it is one of the most frequently cited statistics for website performance.
With a proper understanding of website terminology, one can better interpret website statistics and how they relate to a site’s performance. This information is key to gauging the performance of one’s own website as well as those you advertise with.
Since 2002 irinfo.org has been the definitive internet resource for infrared thermography. Known for accurate, cutting-edge content, we maintain a readership of thousands of thermographers worldwide. Everyday, purchasers of infrared equipment and services begin their search for new equipment and thermographers on our website. Learn how we can help to increase your sales by calling us at 609-239-4788 or visiting us online at: https://irinfo.org/advertise.html.
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Using Thermal Imagery for Early Fire Detection
Tip provided by:
Yente Chiang
Risk Control Engineer
AON Risk Management Service
Taipei, Taiwan
Loss prevention is a top priority for high level managers because fire or smoke can damage critical or sensitive utilities such as electricity substation or network switches. Under the right conditions, an infrared imager can be utilized to detect fire in its earliest stages.
While fire and smoke may cause moderate property damage, they often create huge business interruptions which can compromise a company’s reputation. In some facilities, extremely sensitive air sampling systems are installed in critical utility areas in addition to traditional fire and smoke detectors. These sensitive air sampling systems can detect fire in its formative stages before smoke become visible.
Historically, response personnel have spent considerable time to locate the origin of smoke after an alarm has sounded. For instance, a main electric substation can contain dozens of switchgear enclosures. In such areas, identifying a fault by sight or smell can require substantial time.
According to the US FCC, the majority fire damage to electronic equipment is due to smoke. Smoke generated from printed circuit board components is highly corrosive. Even small amounts of smoke can have adverse long-term effects on electronics.
In order to prevent a fire, time is of the essence in locating critical hot spots. If not detected in time, electrical hot spots may ignite nearby flammable materials. Once a fire begin within an enclosure, it can double in size every 30 seconds.
Once an alarm sounds, a trained operator can use a thermal imager to quickly perform a hot spot search to help prevent a fire. Hence, a thermal camera is a worth investment to prevent serious fire damage at the incipient hot spot stage within critical utilities.
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Protecting Yourself in the Sun – Part 1
Tip excerpted from:
www.osha.gov
With the height of Summer, many thermographers focus their attention on the discomfort associated with heat and humidity. Those who spend time outdoors should also be aware of the health hazards associated with unprotected exposure to the Sun.
Sunlight contains ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which causes premature aging of the skin, wrinkles, cataracts, and skin cancer. The amount of damage from UV exposure depends on the strength of the light, the length of exposure, and whether the skin is protected. There are no safe UV rays or safe suntans.
Following a few simple tips can help protect you from the harmful effects of UV radiation.
- Cover up. Wear tightly-woven clothing that blocks out light. Try this test: Place your hand between a single layer of the clothing and a light source. If you can see your hand through the fabric, the garment offers little protection
- Use sunscreen. A sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15 blocks 93 percent of UV rays. You want to block both UVA and UVB rays to guard against skin cancer. Be sure to follow application directions on the bottle.
- Wear a hat. A wide brim hat (not a baseball cap) is ideal because it protects the neck, ears, eyes, forehead, nose, and scalp.
- Wear UV-absorbent shades. Sunglasses don’t have to be expensive, but they should block 99 to 100 percent of UVA and UVB radiation.
- Limit exposure. UV rays are most intense between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. If you’re unsure about the sun’s intensity, take the shadow test: If your shadow is shorter than you, the sun’s rays are the day’s strongest.
For more information on this topic or on other workplace safety and health issues, visit www.osha.gov.
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Protecting Yourself in the Sun – Part 2
Tip excerpted from:
www.osha.gov
Most people have experienced the discomfort of sunburn at one time or another. Few tend to realize that unprotected exposure to the Sun increases one’s risk of developing skin cancer which can be fatal. Early detection is your first line of defense in treating skin cancer.
Sun exposure at any age can cause skin cancer. Be especially careful in the sun if you burn easily, spend a lot of time outdoors, or have any of the following physical features:
- Numerous, irregular, or large moles
- Freckles
- Fair skin
- Blond, red, or light brown hair
It’s important to examine your body monthly because skin cancers detected early can almost always be cured. The most important warning sign is a spot on the skin that is changing in size, shape, or color during a period of 1 month to 1 or 2 years.
Skin cancers often take the following forms:
- Pale, wax-like, pearly nodules
- Red, scaly, sharply outlined patches
- Sores that don’t heal
- Small, mole-like growths – melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer
If you find such unusual skin changes, see a health care professional immediately. For more information about preventing, detecting, and treating skin cancer, check out these sources:
American Cancer Society www.cancer.org
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov/ChooseYourCover
The Skin Cancer Foundation www.skincancer.org
For more information on this topic or on other workplace safety and health issues, visit www.osha.gov.
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Infrared Training – Why it Isn’t All the Same
With interest in thermography at an all-time high, more people are seeking training and certification. When comparing infrared course offerings, many mistakenly assume that all training and certification courses are the same.
The greatest limitation in an infrared inspection is the thermographer. Because of this, thermographer training and certification have long been recognized as requirements to help ensure accurate inspections. To this end, several firms offer Level I, II, and III training courses; however, these courses are not equal.
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing document, SNT-TC-1A outlines suggested topics for training and certifying NDT personnel in the Thermal/Infrared Testing Method. Suggested topics range from basic theory and camera operation to advanced thermographic applications. Since these topics are suggestions, companies have wide latitude in compiling course content. Because of this, one should never assume that courses bearing the same name will contain similar content.
When considering any infrared training course, be certain to:
- Review course curriculum carefully to ensure it meets your needs
- Ascertain type of certification provided and its expiration date
- Consider the history of the training firm and its credentials
Lastly, beware of training courses offered by equipment manufacturers or “vendor neutral” instructors. Only an independent training firm can offer unbiased opinions with respect to equipment choices.
For nearly 30 years, Infraspection Institute’s Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses have set the industry standard for excellence. In addition to our Level I, II, and III Certified Infrared Thermographer® courses, we offer several industry-specific application and operator training courses. All courses are taught by field-experienced Level III practicing thermographers. For more information or to register for a class, call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
Infraspection Institute and Kleinfeld Technical Services, Inc. are preparing Distance Learning Tutorials on a variety of topics. We would appreciate your feedback as to your interest areas for these tutorials. Please fill in the very short survey at this link: http://www.surveymonkey.com
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Higher Resolution Imagers – What You Really Need to Know
The recent introduction of 640 x 480 pixel imagers has many thermographers speculating on the impact this equipment will have on our industry and their business. In this Tip we separate marketing hype from physics by revisiting the issue of resolution and its importance in thermal imaging.
Resolution is one of the most important objective specifications for a thermal imaging system. Due to a lack of standardization, this term is used in a variety of ways, many of which can be confusing or misleading.
Simply stated, resolution describes the capability of a thermal imager to clearly depict a target. Imager resolution is not solely dependent upon pixel count. Rather, it is determined by an interdependent set of circumstances, the most important of which are described below.
- Detector: Many manufacturers offer total pixel count of the detector as a measure of resolution. Resolution generally increases with the number of pixels; however, pixel viewing angle (IFOV) also affects detector resolution. Meaningful IFOV data are frequently unavailable.
- Optics: Lens quality affects an imager’s ability to clearly resolve a target at a given distance. With no industry standard for optics, lenses can vary widely between imagers.
- Signal-to-noise ratio: Generally, higher ratios equate to increased image resolution. Imagers with poor ratios will provide imagery that is grainy, thereby compromising image quality.
- Display Monitor: To maximize resolution, the pixel count of an imager display monitor should equal or exceed the number of detector pixels. Compact or monocular displays can severely limit resolution. Use of a high resolution monitor cannot compensate for low detector resolution.
When considering an imager for purchase, do not rely on pixel count as an accurate representation of imager resolution. Always try the imager under the same circumstances that you will encounter in the future. Because there is no objective method to determine imager resolution, one should physically compare subject imagers to each other and choose the one that meets their needs and budget.
To better understand imager resolution, read the article, Selecting, Specifying and Purchasing Thermal Imagers available from Infraspection Institute. To obtain a copy of the article, call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
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When Should You Upgrade Your Imager?
With any technology, change is inevitable. Advances in infrared imager technology now provide thermographers with new equipment choices on a semiannual basis. With more choices than ever, it is important for thermographers to be able to determine when they should upgrade their imager.
With the recent introduction of 640 x 480 pixel imagers, many have suggested that thermographers with older imaging systems will suffer a loss of business to those with newer equipment. While increased resolution may seem desirable, of greater importance is matching infrared equipment to the task at hand. For imaging large objects or imaging at close range, imagers with lesser resolution may be sufficient to the task.
In addition to improved image quality, there are technical and sound business reasons to consider an upgrade. These include, but are not limited to, the following:
- Increased portability, functionality, and/or ease of use
- Improved measurement accuracy
- Better availability of service, parts, and calibration
- New business opportunities afforded by new equipment
- Customer demand for new features and benefits
Depending upon the age of existing equipment, there may be financial advantages to upgrading or acquiring new equipment. Typically, a professional accountant can offer the best advice in this area.
For nearly 30 years, Infraspection Institute’s Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses have set the industry standard for excellence. In addition to our Level I, II, and III Certified Infrared Thermographer® courses, we offer several industry-specific application and operator training courses. All courses are taught by field-experienced Level III practicing thermographers. For more information or to register for a class, call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
Infraspection Institute and Kleinfeld Technical Services, Inc. are preparing Distance Learning Tutorials on a variety of topics. We would appreciate your feedback as to your interest areas for these tutorials. Please fill in the very short survey at this link: http://www.surveymonkey.com
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The Difference Between Mediation and Arbitration
Tip provided by:
Robert J. Incollingo, Esquire
416 Black Horse Pike
Glendora, New Jersey 08029
(856) 234-3800
www.rjilaw.com
Don’t be surprised if the courts divert your next lawsuit to mediation or to non-binding arbitration. Since the trend toward alternative dispute resolution cuts costs for the court as well as for the parties, it shows no sign of slowing. In this Tip, we discuss the difference between mediation and arbitration.
Court-ordered arbitration is a private and informal adjudicatory process similar to a court trial. An impartial attorney appointed by the court listens to presentations made by the disputants, and then issues a decision that (hopefully) settles the conflict. In some court-ordered arbitrations, the award of the arbitrator is legally binding and enforceable upon the parties, unless one or the other petitions the court for trial de novo (which means as though the arbitration never happened) and pays the required fee to do so.
The arbitration hearing is much less formal in procedure than a court trial, but each party has the right to present proofs and arguments as in a court of law. Unlike mediation, in arbitration the parties give up the power to create their own solution, and place resolution of their problem in the hands of the arbitrator, but as a matter of practice, many cases settle once dialogue opens at the hearing.
Mediation is an alternative form of dispute resolution in which a neutral third party tries to find a way for the parties to come to agreement of settlement. It is non-binding, and different from a trial or an arbitration because the goal is not a resolution ordered down in the form of an award by an arbitrator or judgment by a judge. There is no “decision” because there is no “contest” in mediation. Instead, the mediator tries to find a common ground and draw the parties toward an agreement.
Mediation is often successful in cases where hard feelings over nonpayment act as a roadblock to dialogue, or where the amount of a claim of offset is open to reasonable debate (such as where the appropriate fix for a problem must be chosen from competing approaches). If no agreement is reached, the case goes back on the track to trial.
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September 05, 2006
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Why Do Transformers Hum?
Experienced electricians with a sense of humor will tell you, “It’s because they don’t know the words.” Recently, Swiss scientists have developed a more scientific theory on the reason for the hum associated with energized AC transformers.
When alternating current reverses 60 times per second, the iron core of an energized transformer undergoes magnetetostriction twice during each cycle. In other words, 120 times per second induced fields cause the core to stretch slightly; a meter-sized transformer might stretch or shrink by only a micron but this would be enough to set up an audible 120-Hz hum.
The new experimental work probes theories, going all the way back to Werner Heisenberg in the 1920s, about how the shrinkage arises from the magnetic interactions (spin exchange) among pairs of atoms (dimers), which share a common electron. The two magnetic ions want to be closer together.
For studying this effect iron itself is not the best test material and the Swiss scientists (ETH Lab in Zurich and the University of Bern) use another magnetic atom, manganese. Mn is a common ingredient in the magneto-resistance data storage systems found in most disk drives. Normally in a pure crystal, Mn atoms would be arrayed in endless straight lines. But in this experiment the Mn atoms are isolated, two by two, with plenty of intervening magnesium atoms. This allows the researchers to variably “dilute” the magnet interactions between Mn atoms.
The strength of these interactions (or to be more precise the energy levels of the excited Mn atoms) is measured by scattering a beam of neutrons from the sample, a process called neutron spectroscopy. The observed microscopic magnetostriction mimics the striction at the macroscopic level, but it does depart considerably from the predictions of the traditional Heisenberg model.
Tip excerpted from American Institute of Physics bulletin, Physics News Update.
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September 11, 2006
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Designing a Website – Why You Should Hire a Professional
Creating an appealing, functional, and effective website is much harder than it looks. It’s not simply a matter of taking a company brochure or catalog, converting the text to HTML, and throwing in a few pictures.
A website is a 24-hour a day advertisement for your company and should be treated as such. You wouldn’t turn over the design of your next direct mail piece, newspaper ad, or TV commercial to an amateur, and the same should hold true for your website. Actually, more care should be given to your website considering the potential number of online viewers is much greater than the audience for any other communication medium.
A website should not be static; it should be dynamic, offering the possibility of interacting with others in a way that traditional media can’t. As websites become more sophisticated, so does the need for experienced developers. Web designers also need to be familiar with the peculiarities of this new medium. Your website will be viewed by different people from all over the world using vastly different equipment.
How do you design a page that needs to fit onto several different size monitor screens, set at a number of different resolutions, using a variety of different browser software? The best choice is to hire a professional web developer who will discuss available options and work with you to find the best solution for your business. Above all, resist the temptation to design your own website!
Designing an effective website is part art, part science and a little luck. You need an experienced professional to get the best results. And, to some extent, the old adage applies, “you get what you pay for.”
Tip provided by WebSolutions Technology, Inc.
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September 18, 2006
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Aerial Lift Safety
Thermographers who inspect large structures or elevated components often utilize aerial lifts or platforms to gain line-of-sight access to the inspected object. This week’s Tip focuses on safe work practices for this unique job challenge.
Aerial lifts include boom-supported aerial platforms, such as cherry pickers or bucket trucks. The major causes of fatalities are falls, electrocutions, and collapses or tip over.
When utilizing an aerial lift, always observe the following safe work practices:
- Ensure that workers who operate aerial lifts are properly trained in the safe use of the equipment
- Maintain and operate elevating work platforms in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
- Never override hydraulic, mechanical, or electrical safety devices
- Never move the equipment with workers in an elevated platform unless this is permitted by the manufacturer
- Do not allow workers to position themselves between overhead hazards, such as joists and beams, and the rails of the basket. Movement of the lift could crush the worker(s)
- Maintain a minimum clearance of at least 10 feet, or 3 meters, away from the nearest overhead lines
- Use a body harness or restraining belt with a lanyard attached to the boom or basket to prevent the worker(s) from being ejected or pulled from the basket
- Set the brakes and use wheel chocks when on an incline. Use outriggers, if provided
Lastly, never exceed the load limits of lift equipment. Be certain to allow for the combined weight of the worker, tools, and materials. For more information on workplace safety standards and fall protection, visit www.osha.gov.
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September 25, 2006
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Verifying Equipment Calibration
When it comes to equipment calibration, thermographers often send their infrared instruments to the manufacturer at periodic intervals. To help ensure accuracy, thermographers should understand calibration procedures and review calibration documentation whenever possible.
Within the thermographic community it is common practice to periodically return infrared equipment to the manufacturer. Typical time frames range from 12 to 24 months depending upon one’s circumstances. As part of the calibration process, most manufacturers will provide a statement of calibration upon returning the subject instruments.
Recently, we sent two identical contact radiometers to their manufacturer for calibration. Both units had been providing inaccurate temperatures and were expected to need adjustment. The units were returned approximately two weeks later each with a calibration statement and the observation that neither needed adjustment.
In reviewing the accuracy statement for each of the radiometers, it was noted that the tolerances were not in accordance with the manufacturer’s published specifications. When asked about the discrepancy, the manufacturer stated the calibration forms that we received were outdated and had been used by mistake. The manufacturer apologized and faxed the correct formula.
Upon applying the correct formula to the calibration data, it was noted that the subject radiometers were out of tolerance for several temperature points. As a result, both radiometers were sent back to the manufacturer for proper calibration and adjustment.
The above experience underscores the need for thermographers to understand manufacturers’ calibration procedures and the resulting data. Had we blindly relied on the manufacturer’s initial calibration, it is likely that we would have introduced significant error into our measurements.
To help ensure equipment accuracy, it is always advisable to perform an in-house check of radiometric equipment on a regular basis, after manufacturer adjustments, or whenever equipment has experienced any physical shock. The Infraspection Institute Level II Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course teaches a simple method that may be used to check the calibration of infrared equipment. For more information on thermographer training or certification, visit us online at: www.infraspection.com.
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October 09, 2006
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First Impressions Count
“First impressions count.” This timeless observation underscores the importance of appearances when meeting someone for the first time. This same observation also holds true in the modern, wired world.
Experienced businesspeople know the importance of first impressions. To this end, they do their best to dress, act, and speak appropriately when meeting prospects. Why is it then that so many fail to understand that first impressions on the web are equally important?
The worldwide web and email have greatly expanded the reach of many businesses. No longer are businesses confined to geographic regions; their ability to reach a worldwide audience is limited only by the connectivity of their prospects.
Prospects will form opinions about businesses or individuals through their websites, emails and posts to public message boards. When using any of these resources, keep the following in mind:
- Be courteous and respectful of others
- Never post anything you should not say in public
- Do not make personal attacks on individuals or companies
- The internet crosses international and cultural boundaries. Depending on local customs, people do things differently. This does not make them wrong.
Remember, with every new encounter, others form impressions of you. Because first impressions can be permanent, make certain that your web impressions are always positive.
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October 16, 2006
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Training – A Wise Use of Year End Budget Money
When it comes to spending year end budget monies, the phrase “Use it or Lose it” often applies. Training can be a wise choice for those looking to reduce a budget surplus.
Staying within budget is a constant challenge for maintenance managers. For many, it seems that there is never enough money in the budget. On occasion, however, it is possible to experience a surplus in one’s budget when nearing year end.
When faced with a budget surplus, it is imperative to fully utilize allocated financial resources. Failure to do so can cause a reduction in future budgeting if management perceives that your department is over funded. When searching for wise choices for year-end spending, training is always a good option.
Thermographic training is a sound investment for initiating a PdM program or expanding an existing one. Whenever considering infrared training be certain to:
- Examine course curriculum to ensure that it meets your needs
- Ensure that course will be germane to all infrared imagers
- Ascertain if Certification is included with course, its expiration date, and renewal fees
- Insist that instructors be practicing thermographers with documented field experience in their area of instruction
Infraspection Institute has been providing infrared training and certification for infrared thermographers since 1980. Our Level I, II, and III Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses meet the training requirements for NDT personnel in accordance with the ASNT document, SNT-TC-1A. All courses are taught by practicing, expert Level III thermographers whose field experience is unsurpassed anywhere in the world. For more information call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
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October 22, 2006
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Using Switchgear Windows and Ports
As the popularity of switchgear windows and ports grows, thermographers are faced with challenges unique to these devices. In this Tip we examine some of these challenges and provide advice and cautions when imaging through windows and ports.
In an effort to reduce the risk of injuries associated with arc flash, many facilities have installed IR transmissive windows or ports that permit infrared inspections without having to open panel covers. Although windows and ports can provide a measure of safety and help to reduce labor associated with infrared inspections, they pose unique challenges not associated with direct line-of-sight imaging.
Switchgear windows are typically constructed of a metal frame with a fixed IR transparent material that enables an imager to view through them. Switchgear ports consist of a metal frame with small openings through which an imager may be sighted. Depending upon type, some ports have a single hole; others have metal screens containing multiple holes.
Windows and ports will always attenuate infrared energy received by the imager. This attenuation will affect both qualitative and quantitative data; however, the greatest challenge posed by windows and ports involves temperature measurement. Due to their small opening it is not possible to accurately measure temperature through screened ports. Accurate temperature through windows and single opening ports is possible only if the following conditions are met:
- Window opening must be larger than IR lens objective
- Target must be at or beyond imager’s minimum focus distance
- Both window transmittance and target emittance values must be known and properly entered into imager’s computer
- Imager lens must be kept perpendicular to, and in contact with window
When it is not possible to meet all of the above conditions, imagery should be evaluated only for its qualitative value. As always, any inexplicable hot or cold exceptions should be investigated for cause and appropriate corrective action taken.
The Infraspection Institute Guideline for Measuring and Compensating for Reflected Temperature, Emittance and Transmittance provides procedures for calculating window transmittance and target emittance, both of which are critical to accurate temperature measurement. To obtain a current copy of the Guideline, call 609-239-4788 or visit our secure online store https://www.infraspection.com/ and follow the link for ‘Infraspection Guidelines’.
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October 30, 2006
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Keeping Track of Imager Components
“My kingdom for a horse.” This well known Shakespeare quote underscores the need for having the right tool when needed. In this Tip we offer a suggestion for helping to ensure that critical imager components are always available when you need them.
Keeping track of thermal imager accessories can be a challenge. Modern thermal imaging systems are often supplied with a variety of accessories and attachments that can easily be misplaced or lost. In some cases, not having the correct accessory at hand can result in the postponement or cancellation of an inspection. Fortunately, there is a simple solution.
Nearly all thermal imagers are provided with compartmentalized carrying cases. These cases usually have die cut foam liners to protect the imager and its components and accessories. Labeling each compartment makes it easy to inventory compartments for the subject item(s). When labeling carrying case compartments, keep the following in mind:
- Locate and store all critical components within the carrying case
- Use high visibility labels that will not readily fall off
- List items and quantities for compartments containing multiple items
- Physically inventory each compartment every time the case is closed
Infraspection Institute has been providing infrared training and certification for infrared thermographers since 1980. Our Level I, II, and III Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses meet the training requirements for NDT personnel in accordance with the ASNT document, SNT-TC-1A. All courses are taught by practicing, expert Level III thermographers whose field experience is unmatched. For more information call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
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November 06, 2006
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The Importance of Fully Charged Batteries
“Energy nearly gone . . . Must finish . . .” When incorporated into a movie script, such a quote can provide high drama; spoken by a thermographer, it could foretell of temperature measurement errors.
Experienced thermographers know what it feels like to be near the end of an inspection only to have a low battery indicator appear on their instrument’s display screen. When fresh batteries are unavailable or far away, thermographers are often tempted to try to finish their inspection without switching batteries.
Although many portable thermal imagers and radiometers are designed to be used with batteries, few thermographers appreciate the impact of supply voltage on temperature measurement. Using infrared equipment with low batteries or incorrect voltage can cause significant errors in temperature measurement. Because of this, it is imperative to ensure that equipment batteries are always fully charged.
To help avoid measurement errors caused by low voltage, keep the following in mind:
- Only use batteries that are appropriate for your equipment
- Ensure that batteries are fully charged before each use
- When working in remote locations, carry spare batteries with you
- Change batteries immediately whenever a low power warning appears
Lastly, when working away from your office, it is a good practice to keep your battery charger(s) handy. Doing so will enable you to recharge dead batteries while you continue to work, helping to ensure that fresh ones are available when you need them.
Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses teach the proper use of thermal imagers and radiometers along with proven techniques to help ensure accurate temperature measurement. For more information or to register for a course, call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at: www.infraspection.com.
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November 13, 2006
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Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Keeping it simple is a principle for effective communications. When it comes to infrared thermography, oversimplification can be detrimental when it leads to confusion or misunderstandings.
In trying to explain the operation of thermal imagers, many will frequently state that infrared imagers sense temperatures across the surface of objects. While this may allow a layperson to grasp the concept of infrared equipment operation, it can foster a basic misunderstanding that can lead to significant diagnostic errors.
Infrared imagers do not sense temperature. Rather, they directly sense infrared energy radiated from the surface of an object. Using sophisticated on-board computers, radiant energy is converted to a monochrome or multi-colored image that represents the apparent thermal patterns across an object’s surface.
Emissivity is the most significant characteristic influencing the amount of energy radiated by an object. Emissivity is a dynamic phenomenon that is influenced by many factors; the relative amount of energy radiated by an object is described by its emittance.
Emittance is a number between 0 and 1 that numerically expresses how well an object radiates infrared energy when compared to a blackbody at the same wavelength and temperature. The emittance of an object will vary with temperature, shape and surface condition. In thermography, emittance can be further influenced by viewing angle and the spectral response of the imager/radiometer utilized.
In order to ensure accuracy, it is imperative for a thermographer to understand the concepts of radiance and the principles of non-contact temperature measurement. Anything that affects emissivity will influence both qualitative and quantitative data.
For nearly 30 years, Infraspection Institute’s Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses have set the industry standard for excellence. Our Certified Infrared Thermographer® and applications courses combine infrared theory with practical real world approaches that enable students to quickly master skill sets that help to ensure accuracy. All courses are taught by field-experienced Level III practicing thermographers. For more information or to register for a class, call 609-239-4788 or visit us online at www.infraspection.com.
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November 20, 2006
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Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
When it comes to heat transfer and safety, thermographers traditionally think of the workplace. With the Thanksgiving holiday upon us, neither of these topics should be overlooked when it comes to preparing the holiday feast.
According to estimates from the Centers for Disease Control, approximately 76 million Americans become ill each year as a result of foodborne pathogens. Of these, approximately 5,000 die. Proper hygiene practices before, during, and after food preparation can reduce the risk of food poisoning.
As part of their nationwide Be Food Safe public education campaign, the US Department of Agriculture offers four simple tips for safe food preparation:
- Clean – Wash hands, surfaces and utensils often to avoid spreading bacteria when preparing food.
- Separate – Use different cutting boards for raw meat, poultry, seafood and vegetables. Keep raw turkey away from vegetables and side dishes that won’t be cooked.
- Cook – You can’t tell it’s done by how it looks! Use a food thermometer. Every part of the turkey should reach a minimum internal temperature of 165ºF.
- Chill – Keep the refrigerator at 40ºF or below to keep bacteria from growing. Pumpkin pie should always be refrigerated and all food should be refrigerated within two hours.
If deep fried turkey is your preference, be sure to observe all safety precautions and never leave your fryer unattended. For more information on food safety, visit the US Department of Agriculture website.
From all of us at Infraspection Institute, Happy Thanksgiving to all of our readers and friends! May you enjoy a safe and happy holiday in the company of those you love.
~ Jim and Christopher Seffrin ~
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November 27, 2006
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Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Air travel is a job requirement for many thermographers. In this Tip, we offer suggestions for helping to reduce delays when passing trough airport security.
Air travelers can greatly affect their experience at the airport security checkpoints by preparing in advance. This includes: packing liquids, gels and aerosols in checked baggage whenever possible, using 3-1-1 for carry-ons, arriving early and ensuring they are not traveling with prohibited items.
For individuals who must carry liquids, gels and aerosols through the security checkpoint, it’s as easy as 3-1-1.
- All liquids, gels and aerosols must be placed in a 3 ounce or smaller container.
- These containers must be placed in a 1 quart, clear, plastic, zip-top bag.
- 1 bag per passenger placed in a plastic bin for screening.
Below are other tips travelers should know before they leave home this holiday season…
Pack smart. Bringing prohibited items to the airport will delay the screening process for you and other passengers. If you’re not sure which items are allowed, check TSA website for a complete list.
Arrive on time. Arrival time recommendations vary by airline and day of travel, so check with your carrier. You must have a boarding pass and valid government photo ID to enter the security checkpoint. Remember to give yourself adequate time to check your baggage and move through security.
Dress the part. Metal in your clothing may set off the walk-through metal detector. Pack coins, keys, jewelry, belt buckles and other metal items in your carry-on bag. Remember that all shoes must be removed and screened by TSA. Passengers also need to remove blazers, suit coats and bulky sweaters in addition to outer garments.
Think. Belligerent behavior, inappropriate jokes and threats will not be tolerated. Such incidents will result in delays and possibly missing your flight.
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December 04, 2006
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Thermal Imagery to Detect Roof Fasteners
Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
Thermal imaging is a proven technique for detecting latent moisture within low-slope roofing systems. Under the right conditions, thermal imaging may also indicate the number and location of roof fasteners.
Mechanical fasteners are a critical component in flat roofs. Essentially large sheet metal screws that are installed through large steel or plastic plates, mechanical fasteners secure sheets of insulation to the roof deck. In order to help ensure roof system performance, it is critical that each insulation board is installed with a sufficient number of fasteners.
An insufficient number of roof fasteners may be the result of improper design or a contractor attempting to cut corners on material. When fastener quantity is in doubt, a thermal imager may be used to indicate the number and location of fasteners. Typically, fasteners and plates will show as relatively warm components against a cooler background when imaged post-sunset after a sunny day. In the image below, subsurface fasteners and steel plates show as regularly-spaced warm circles.
When attempting to detect thermal patterns associated with mechanical fasteners, keep the following in mind:
- Thermal imaging should begin at or shortly after sunset
- Imagery associated with fasteners may only appear for a short time
- Fasteners may not be detectable on low emittance or gravel-surfaced roofs
Infrared inspections of flat roofs are one of the many applications covered in the Infraspection Institute
Level I Certified Infrared Thermographer® training course. For course schedules or to obtain a copy of the Guideline for Performing Infrared Inspections of Building Envelopes and Insulated Roofs, visit Infraspection Institute online or call us at 609-239-4788.
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December 11, 2006
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Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
For many thermographers, ladders provide a means for accessing remote areas and equipment. Taking the time to use ladders properly can help to prevent serious or fatal injuries.
According to OSHA, falls from portable ladders are one of the leading causes of occupational fatalities and injuries. When using portable ladders, always keep the following points in mind:
- Avoid electrical hazards. Look for overhead power lines before handling a ladder.
- Inspect ladders before each use. Remove broken ladders from service and repair or discard.
- Do not exceed ladder load rating. Be aware of user’s weight including tools.
- Use a ladder only on a stable, level surface. Do not stack ladders on boxes, barrels, or unstable platforms to gain additional height.
- Maintain a 3 point contact with ladder (two feet, one hand). Always face the ladder when climbing and keep your body centered between the rails.
- Ladders should be free of slippery material on rungs, steps or feet.
- Never stand on the top step or rung of a ladder unless it is designed for this purpose.
Lastly, permanent ladders should be checked prior to use to ensure that they are securely attached to their structure.
Thermographer safety is one of the topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses. For information on thermographer training and certification, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.
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December 18, 2006
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Tip written by: Infraspection Institute
For many thermographers, ladders provide a means for accessing remote areas and equipment. In this week’s Tip we cover safety tips applicable to extension ladders.
According to OSHA, falls from ladders are one of the leading causes of occupational fatalities and injuries. When using portable extension ladders, always keep the following in mind:
- Avoid electrical hazards. Look for overhead power lines before handling a ladder.
- Inspect ladders before each use. Remove broken ladders from service and repair or discard. Use a ladder only on a stable, level surface. Do not stack ladders on boxes, barrels, or unstable platforms to gain additional height.
- Extension or straight ladders used to access an elevated surface must extend at least 3 feet above the point of support. Never stand on rungs above the point of support.
- The proper angle for setting up a ladder is to place its base one quarter of the working length of the ladder from the wall or other vertical surface.
- Be certain that all locks on an extension ladder are properly engaged.
- Do not exceed ladder load rating. Do not move or shift a ladder while a person or equipment is on the ladder.
Lastly, a ladder placed in any location where it could be displaced by other work activities must be secured to prevent displacement or a barricade erected to keep traffic away from the ladder.
Thermographer safety is one of the many topics covered in all Infraspection Institute Certified Infrared Thermographer® training courses. For information on thermographer training and certification, visit us online at www.infraspection.com or call us at 609-239-4788.